South America is the fourth-largest continent by area and the fifth most populous, home to roughly 430 million people across 12 sovereign states. Brazil alone covers nearly half the continent's landmass and speaks Portuguese; the other 11 countries are predominantly Spanish-speaking, except for the three Guianas in the northeast — Guyana (English), Suriname (Dutch), and the French overseas department of French Guiana (not a sovereign state). The Andes mountain range traces the continent's entire western edge from Venezuela down to Tierra del Fuego, holding the source rivers of the Amazon and dividing Chile's narrow coast from Argentina's pampas.

This topic covers all 12 sovereign South American states. Practice the names against a live continent map: type each one as you go, click them under the clock, drill the flag-to-name pairing, sort South American countries from distractors across the rest of the world, or match each capital to its country across regional rounds. Every mode counts toward your topic mastery.

Natural sub-regions: the Andean countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile), the Southern Cone (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay), Brazil and its neighbours, and the north coast + Guianas (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname). New here: try click-the-map first — South America's outline is more memorable than its alphabetical list, and the Andean spine + Brazilian bulge make the geography unusually legible.